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Rabu, 14 Oktober 2009

Present Tense, Present Continuous Tense, Present Perfect Tense, and Present Perfect Continuous Tense

Simple Present Tense

I sing

How do we make the Simple Present Tense?

subject
+
auxiliary verb
+
main verb


do

base
There are three important exceptions:

  1. For positive sentences, we do not normally use the auxiliary.
  2. For the 3rd person singular (he, she, it), we add s to the main verb or es to the auxiliary.
  3. For the verb to be, we do not use an auxiliary, even for questions and negatives.
Look at these examples with the main verb like:

subject
auxiliary verb

main verb

+
I, you, we, they


like
coffee.
He, she, it


likes
coffee.
-
I, you, we, they
do
not
like
coffee.
He, she, it
does
not
like
coffee.
?
Do
I, you, we, they

like
coffee?
Does
he, she, it

like
coffee?
Look at these examples with the main verb be. Notice that there is no auxiliary:

subject
main verb


+
I
am

French.
You, we, they
are

French.
He, she, it
is

French.
-
I
am
not
old.
You, we, they
are
not
old.
He, she, it
is
not
old.
?
Am
I

late?
Are
you, we, they

late?
Is
he, she, it

late?

How do we use the Simple Present Tense?

We use the simple present tense when:
  • the action is general
  • the action happens all the time, or habitually, in the past, present and future
  • the action is not only happening now
  • the statement is always true
John drives a taxi.
past
present
future

It is John's job to drive a taxi. He does it every day. Past, present and future.
Look at these examples:
  • I live in New York.
  • The Moon goes round the Earth.
  • John drives a taxi.
  • He does not drive a bus.
  • We do not work at night.
  • Do you play football?
Note that with the verb to be, we can also use the simple present tense for situations that are not general. We can use the simple present tense to talk about now. Look at these examples of the verb "to be" in the simple present tense - some of them are general, some of them are now:
Am I right?
Tara is not at home.
You are happy.
past
present
future

The situation is now.
 
I am not fat.
Why are you so beautiful?
Ram is tall.
past
present
future

The situation is general. Past, present and future.
 
WSM Image
This page shows the use of the simple present tense to talk about general events. But note that there are some other uses for the simple present tense, for example in conditional or if sentences, or to talk about the future. You will learn about those later.

Present Continuous Tense

I am singing
We often use the present continuous tense in English. It is very different from the simple present tense, both in structure and in use.
In this lesson we look the structure and use of the present continuous tense, followed by a quiz to check your understanding:
WSM Image
Continuous tenses are also called progressive tenses. So the present progressive tense is the same as the present continuous tense.

Present Perfect Tense

I have sung
The present perfect tense is a rather important tense in English, but it gives speakers of some languages a difficult time. That is because it uses concepts or ideas that do not exist in those languages. In fact, the structure of the present perfect tense is very simple. The problems come with the use of the tense. In addition, there are some differences in usage between British and American English.
In this lesson we look at the structure and use of the present perfect, followed by a quiz to check your understanding:
WSM Image
The present perfect tense is really a very interesting tense, and a very useful one. Try not to translate the present perfect tense into your language. Just try to accept the concepts of this tense and learn to "think" present perfect! You will soon learn to like the present perfect tense!

Present Perfect Continuous Tense

I have been singing

How do we make the Present Perfect Continuous Tense?

The structure of the present perfect continuous tense is:
subject
+
auxiliary verb
+
auxiliary verb
+
main verb


have
has

been

base + ing
Here are some examples of the present perfect continuous tense:

subject
auxiliary verb

auxiliary verb
main verb

+
I
have

been
waiting
for one hour.
+
You
have

been
talking
too much.
-
It
has
not
been
raining.

-
We
have
not
been
playing
football.
?
Have
you

been
seeing
her?
?
Have
they

been
doing
their homework?

Contractions

When we use the present perfect continuous tense in speaking, we often contract the subject and the first auxiliary. We also sometimes do this in informal writing.
I have been
I've been
You have been
You've been
He has been
She has been
It has been
John has been
The car has been
He's been
She's been
It's been
John's been
The car's been
We have been
We've been
They have been
They've been
Here are some examples:
  • I've been reading.
  • The car's been giving trouble.
  • We've been playing tennis for two hours.

How do we use the Present Perfect Continuous Tense?

This tense is called the present perfect continuous tense. There is usually a connection with the present or now. There are basically two uses for the present perfect continuous tense:

1. An action that has just stopped or recently stopped

We use the present perfect continuous tense to talk about an action that started in the past and stopped recently. There is usually a result now.
I'm tired because I've been running.
past
present
future

!!!

Recent action.
Result now.

  • I'm tired [now] because I've been running.
  • Why is the grass wet [now]? Has it been raining?
  • You don't understand [now] because you haven't been listening.

2. An action continuing up to now

We use the present perfect continuous tense to talk about an action that started in the past and is continuing now. This is often used with for or since.
I have been reading for 2 hours.
past
present
future


Action started in past.
Action is continuing now.

  • I have been reading for 2 hours. [I am still reading now.]
  • We've been studying since 9 o'clock. [We're still studying now.]
  • How long have you been learning English? [You are still learning now.]
  • We have not been smoking. [And we are not smoking now.]

For and Since with Present Perfect Continuous Tense

We often use for and since with the present perfect tense.
  • We use for to talk about a period of time - 5 minutes, 2 weeks, 6 years.
  • We use since to talk about a point in past time - 9 o'clock, 1st January, Monday.
for
since
a period of time
a point in past time

x

20 minutes
6.15pm
three days
Monday
6 months
January
4 years
1994
2 centuries
1800
a long time
I left school
ever
the beginning of time
etc
etc
Here are some examples:
  • I have been studying for 3 hours.
  • I have been watching TV since 7pm.
  • Tara hasn't been feeling well for 2 weeks.
  • Tara hasn't been visiting us since March.
  • He has been playing football for a long time.
  • He has been living in Bangkok since he left school.
WSM Image
For can be used with all tenses. Since is usually used with perfect tenses only.

Sumber = "http://www.englishclub.com/grammar/verb-tenses_present.htm"

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